Mese: Dicembre 2015

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Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of Wi-Fi on development of teeth and changes in teeth element concentration in rats. [corrected].

[Effetti del Wi-Fi a 2,45 Ghz sui denti degli animali da esperimento.

Articolo non ancora open source.]

Biol Trace Elem Res. 2015 Feb;163(1-2):193-201. doi: 10.1007/s12011-014-0175-5. Epub 2014 Nov 14.

By:
Çiftçi ZZ1, Kırzıoğlu Z, Nazıroğlu M, Özmen Ö.

1Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey.

Article Info

Article history
Published online: 31 January 2015

Keywords
Rat tooth development; Developmental effect; Element; MAP, bone morphogenetic proteins; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAR, specific absorption rate; Wi-Fi

Erratum in

Erratum to: Effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of Wi-Fi on development of teeth and changes in teeth element concentration in rats. [Biol Trace Elem Res. 2015]

Abstract

The present study determined the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz)-induced electromagnetic radiation (EMR) on tooth and surrounding tissue development as well as the element levels in growing rats. Twenty-four rats and their offspring were equally divided into two separate groups identified as experiment and control. The experiment group was exposed to 2.45 GHz EMR for 2 h/day during the periods of pregnancy (21 days) and lactation (21 days). The offspring of these dams were also exposed to EMR up to decapitation. The control group was exposed to cage stress for 2 h per day using the same protocol established for the experimental group. On the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after birth, 8 male offspring rats from each of the two groups were decapitated, and the jaws were taken for histological and immunohistochemical examination. Caspase-3 (1/50 dilution) was used in the immunohistochemical examination for apoptotic activity. On the last day of the experiment, the rats’ incisors were also collected. In samples that were histologically and immunohistochemically examined, there was an increase in apoptosis and caspase-3 in both the control and the Wi-Fi groups during the development of the teeth. However, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in terms of development and apoptotic activity. Results from the elemental analysis showed that iron and strontium concentrations were increased in the Wi-Fi group, whereas boron, copper, and zinc concentrations were decreased. There were no statistically significant differences in calcium, cadmium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, or phosphorus values between the groups. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations between the experimental and control groups showed that exposure to 2.45 GHz EMR for 2 h per day does not interfere with the development of teeth and surrounding tissues. However, there were alterations in the elemental composition of the teeth, especially affecting such oxidative stress-related elements as copper, zinc, and iron, suggesting that short-term exposure to Wi-Fi-induced EMR may cause an imbalance in the oxidative stress condition in the teeth of growing rats.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25395122

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Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions.

[Effetti del Wi-Fi a 2,45 GHz sulla fertilità dei ratti maschi.

La versione PDF completa dell’articolo è scaricabile dal link in calce alla pagina.]

Electromagn Biol Med. 2015 Mar;34(1):37-42. doi: 10.3109/15368378.2013.869752. Epub 2014 Jan 24.

By:
Dasdag S1, Taş M, Akdag MZ, Yegin K.

1Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Dicle , Diyarbakir , Turkey.

Article Info

Article history
Received: 3 May 2013
Revised: 15 November 2013
Accepted: 17 November 2013
Published online: 21 January 2014

Keywords
2.4 GHz Wi-Fi; electromagnetic fields; long-term exposure; radiofrequency; reproduction; testes

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate long-term effects of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted from a Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) system on testes. The study was carried out on 16 Wistar Albino adult male rats by dividing them into two groups such as sham (n: 8) and exposure (n: 8). Rats in the exposure group were exposed to 2.4 GHz RFR radiation for 24 h/d during 12 months (1 year). The same procedure was applied to the rats in the sham control group except the Wi-Fi system was turned off. Immediately after the last exposure, rats were sacrificed and reproductive organs were removed. Motility (%), concentration (×10(6)/mL), tail defects (%), head defects (%) and total morphologic defects (%) of sperms and weight of testes (g), left epididymis (g), prostate (g), seminal vesicles (g) were determined. Seminiferous tubules diameter (μm) and tunica albuginea thickness (μm) were also measured. However, the results were evaluated by using Johnsen’s score. Head defects increased in the exposure group (p < 0.05) while weight of the epididymis and seminal vesicles, seminiferous tubules diameter and tunica albuginea thickness were decreased in the exposure group (p < 0.01, p < 0.001, p < 0.0001). However, other alterations of other parameters were not found significant (p > 0.05). In conclusion, we observed that long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz RF emitted from Wi-Fi (2420 μW/kg, 1 g average) affects some of the reproductive parameters of male rats. We suggest Wi-Fi users to avoid long-term exposure of RF emissions from Wi-Fi equipment.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24460421

Versione PDF completa scaricabile al seguente link:

wi-fi 2

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Effects of Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) Exposure on Apoptosis, Sperm Parameters and Testicular Histomorphometry in Rats: A Time Course Study

[Effetti del Wi-Fi a 2,45 GHz sulla fertilità dei ratti maschi.]

Cell J. 2015 Summer; 17(2): 322–331. PMCID: PMC4503846

Cell Journal.jpg

By:
Saeed Shokri, Ph.D,1,* Aiob Soltani, M.Sc,2 Mahsa Kazemi, M.Sc,3 Dariush Sardari, Ph.D,2 and Farshid Babapoor Mofrad, Ph.D2

1Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences (ZUMS), Zanjan, Iran
2Department of Nuclear Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran

Article info

Article history
Received: 24 April 2014
Accepted: 18 September 2014
Published online: 11 July 2015

Keywords
Apoptosis; Electromagnetic Radiation; Testis; Spermatogenesis

Abstract

Objective

In today’s world, 2.45-GHz radio-frequency radiation (RFR) from industrial, scientific, medical, military and domestic applications is the main part of indoor-outdoor electromagnetic field exposure. Long-term effects of 2.45-GHz Wi-Fi radiation on male reproductive system was not known completely. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the major cause of male infertility during short- and long-term exposure of Wi-Fi radiation.

Materials and Methods

This is an animal experimental study, which was conducted in the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IRAN, from June to August 2014. Three-month-old male Wistar rats (n=27) were exposed to the 2.45 GHz radiation in a chamber with two Wi-Fi antennas on opposite walls. Animals were divided into the three following groups: I. control group (n=9) including healthy animals without any exposure to the antenna, II. 1-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 1 hour per day during two months and III.7-hour group (n=9) exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 7 hours per day during 2 months. Sperm parameters, caspase-3 concentrations, histomorphometric changes of testis in addition to the apoptotic indexes were evaluated in the exposed and control animals.

Results

Both 1-hour and 7-hour groups showed a decrease in sperm parameters in a time dependent pattern. In parallel, the number of apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity increased in the seminiferous tubules of exposed rats. The seminal vesicle weight reduced significantly in both1-hour or 7-hour groups in comparison to the control group.

Conclusion

Regarding to the progressive privilege of 2.45 GHz wireless networks in our environment, we concluded that there should be a major concern regarding the timedependent exposure of whole-body to the higher frequencies of Wi-Fi networks existing in the vicinity of our living places.

Introduction

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) from different sources, such as microwave ovens, radar, satellite links, wireless communication, frequency modulation (FM) radio and television (TV) transmitters/ antennas, is the main part of indoor- outdoor electromagnetic field exposure spectrum (1, 2). Widespread usage of industrial, scientific, medical, military and domestic applications with 2.45-GHz radio-frequency radiation is inevitable in today’s world. As the Wi-Fi technology is low cost and operates in the unlicensed spectrum at 2.40-2.4 GHz, the leakage of Wi-Fi radiation into the environment is unavoidable (3, 4).

It has been suggested that male infertility during the past several decades is related to the direct or indirect exposure to certain environmental factors such as radio-frequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) (5, 6). The effects of 2.45-GHz EMR on reproductive system have already been shown (7–10). Kumar et al. (11) showed 2.45 GHz microwave exposure causes an increase in caspase-3 and creatine kinase activities in the sperm in addition to a decrease in plasma levels of testosterone and melatonin in the exposed rat. In vitrostudy by Avendano et al. (12), focused on the effect of Wi-Fi radiation on the motility reduction and DNA fragmentation of human spermatozoa. The negative effect of Wi-Fi emitting RF-EMW has been also reported on the ex vivo human sperm parameters (13), sexual behavior (14) and testis structure of exposed animals (15). It is believed that exposure to EMR can enhance production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (9, 12,15–18). An increase in lipid peroxidation levels in addition to a decrease in antioxidant enzymes and vitamin A and E levels (11, 19) can explain some aspects of 2.45-GHz EMR effect on reproductive tissues of male rats. Kim et al. (20) showed that the effect of exposure to 2.45-GHz EMR on proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonia is correlated with serum sex hormone level. In parallel with defect in spermatogenesis process, the negative effects of 2.45-GHz EMR on histopathological changes and apoptosis status of rat testis are inevitable (7). Nowadays 2.45 GHz wireless networks have become much more commonplace in our environment (21). Wireless devices have been widespread used in our living and working environments for longer exposure times than wireless phones which may have an untoward influence on health (2). According to the Bioinitiative Report (http://www.bioinitiative.org/), current safety guidelines for electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure are not sufficient and should be revised based on data from various toxicological tests (22). Due to whole body exposure to the RF-EMR, we tried to analyze potential effects of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation from a wireless antenna on the reproductive system of freely moving male rats for short- and long-term. Indeed, the consequences of exposure to the emitted radiofrequency waves from Wi-Fi antenna were the major concerns of the present study.

Materials and Methods

Animals

This is an animal experimental study, which was conducted in the Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran, from June to August 2014. Animals, 3-month old Wistar strain rats (n=27), were maintained as national guidelines and protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC no.03/028/07).

All experimental protocols were approved by the Ethics Committee of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. Healthy adult male albino rats weighing 250 g, were randomly selected and housed under environmentally controlled conditions. The rats were fed with a standard laboratory diet (Pars Dam Co., Tehran, Iran) and clean drinking water ad libitum.

Exposure system

The exposure system was a chamber (180 cm×80 cm×70 cm), designed for whole-body exposure of free-moving rats to a Wi-Fi signal. Two Wi-Fi antennas (NanoStation Loco M2, 2.45 GHz, 8.5 dBi, Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. USA) were placed at the center of two sides of the chamber. A previous study applied a restrainer to fix space between antenna and rat (19). Since it was a stressful condition that could probably affect hormonal balance of animals, we tried to assess the effect of radiation on the free moving animals (14,23).

Animals were divided into three following groups (n=9 per each group): I. control group including healthy animals without any exposure to the antenna, II. 1-hour group including animals exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation one hour per day during two months (1 hour/day/2 months) (7, 14, 20) and III. 7-hour group including animals exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation seven hours per day during two months (7 hours/day/2 months). All exposure conditions were coded and analyzed in a blind manner.

Laboratory studies, body and reproductive organ weights

Animals were anesthetized intraperitoneally with a mixture of ketamine (45 mg⁄kg, Sigma- Aldrich, Germany) and xylazine (35 mg⁄kg, Sigma Aldrich, Germany). The weight gain of animal in each group was defined as the differences between initial and final body weights. The reproductive organs including testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles and ventral prostate were accurately weighed following being dissected out from surrounded adipose and connective tissues by an expert anatomist. The relative weights of each dissected reproductive organ were expressed as the weight of organ to the body weight ratio. The samples of testicular tissues were fixed in a 4% buffered formaldehyde solution (Merck, Germany) and then were embedded in paraffin wax (Merck, Germany) using standard techniques for preparing 5-μm thick sections. Other side testicle was randomly dissected out and transferred to a cryotube for storing in liquid nitrogen in order to determine the caspase-3 activity.

Sperm characteristics

Caudal part of epididymis was dissected out and chopped in the 5 ml of Ham’s F10 medium solution (GIBCO, USA). Epididymal sperm were collected following 5 minutes incubation at 37˚C to allow sperm to swim out of the epididymal tubules. One drop of sperm suspension was placed on a microscope slide and cover slipped. At least 10 microscopic fields were observed at ×40 magnification by a phase contrast microscope (Olympus BX51, Tokyo, Japan). The sperm motility parameters were recorded according to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. The percentages of progressive, motile, and immotile sperm were expressed as the ratio to the total counted sperm. The sperm count parameters were also obtained by the method described in the WHO recommendations (24). Briefly, 5 μl aliquot of epididymal sperm was diluted with 95 μl of diluents (0.35% formalin containing 5% NaHCO3 and 0.25% trypan blue, Merck, Germany), and approximately 10 μl of this diluted specimen was transferred to the counting chambers of the haemocytometer. The cells were counted with a light microscope at ×40 magnification. For morphological abnormalities, sperm smears were drawn on slides and allowed to air-dry overnight. Slides were stained with 1% eosin- Y⁄5% nigrosin (Merck, Germany) and examined at ×40 magnification. Amorphous, hook less, bicephalic, coiled or abnormal tails were considered as the morphological abnormalities (25). The total percentages of abnormal and normal sperm were then calculated.

Histopathological evaluation of spermatogenesis

Either the number of germinal cell layers or Johnson’s score were measured for categorizing spermatogenesis in the testes. According to Miller et al. (26) description, the number of germinal epithelial layers was counted in 10 seminiferous tubules. Based on Johnson’s method, a score of 1-10 was applied for each cross-sectioned tubule (27).

Apoptosis in reproductive tissues of rats

Germ cell apoptosis was evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) enzymemediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay kit (Roche, Germany). Briefly, 5-μm thick paraffinembedded sections were microwave-pretreated in 10 mM citrate buffer (Merck, Germany, pH=6.0) for 10 minutes. Sections were incubated with blocking solution (3% H2O2 in methanol, Merck, Germany) for 10 minutes, then were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, Merck, Germany). The specimens were incubated with TUNEL reaction mixture (TdT and nucleotide mixtures in reaction buffer) at 37˚C for 60 minutes. Finally the slides were stained with converter-POD (antifluorescein antibody, Fab fragment from sheep, conjugated with horse-radish peroxidase-POD) for 30 minutes.

The 3, 3΄- Diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate (Roche, Germany) was applied for color development. TUNEL positive cells exhibited a brown nuclear stain. In each group, the number of stained cells was counted in 100 seminiferous tubules. The number of stained germ cells was counted. Apoptotic index-1 (AI-1) was defined as the number of apoptotic TUNEL-positive cells per 100 tubules and apoptotic index-2 (AI-2) as the number of tubules containing apoptotic cells per 100 tubules. All of measurements were performed by an expert technician who was blinded to the experiment procedure.

Caspase-3 activity assay

Briefly, lysis buffer at pH=7.5, including 10 mM Tris-HCL, 10 mM NaH2PO4/NaHPO4, 130 mM NaCl, 1% Triton-X100 and 10 mM NaPPi, all materials were purchased from Merck products-Germany that were added to the testes tissue samples and lysates were incubated at 4˚C for 20 minutes. The lysates were centrifuged at 14000 rpm and stored in liquid nitrogen for further analysis. Next 100 ml proteins from lysates were incubated with Ac-DEVD-pNA in a 96-well plate at 37˚C for 1 hour, and colorimetric substrate (DEVD-AFC, Biomol, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA) was preferentially cleaved by caspase- 3. The amounts of 7-amino-4-methyl-coumarin (AMC) were monitored 1 hour with a plate reader (Anthos2020, USA) and absorption was measured, normalized to the absorbance of time zero and expressed as percent of control.

The data were expressed as mean ± standard errors of the mean (SEM). The variables were analyzed by one-way ANOVA. When a significance found, Tukey post hoc tests were performed. All analyses were performed using the SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) version 16. The statistical significance level was set at P≤0.05.

Results

Table 1 shows two months exposure of animals to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation in the designed exposure apparatus (Fig.1), indicating no significant changes in the body weight of both 1- and 7-hour groups.

Fig.1

Represents a schematic picture of designed apparatus as the exposure system. Box dimension was 180 cm×80 cm×70 cm. Two Wi-Fi antennas (NanoStation Loco M2, 2.45 GHz, 8.5 dBi, Ubiquiti Networks, Inc. USA) were placed at the center of two …

Despite right and left seminal vesicles, 1 hour and 7 hours chronic exposure caused no significant changes in the relative weight of testicles or other accessory sex organs. The relative weight of both right and left seminal vesicles reduced significantly (P≤0.001) following two months chronic exposure of animals to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation either for 1 hour per day or 7 hours per day (Table 1).

Table 1

The effect of chronic exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation on the weights of testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicle in mature male rats

We examined the proportion of the different sperm motility grades as shown in figure 2. Two months exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation caused significant changes on the sperm motility parameters (Fig.2). Although the percentage of progressive sperm showed no significant differences in the experimental groups, the percentages of total motility parameters, considered as the percentage of progressive and motile sperm, reduced significantly in both 1- and 7-hour groups. Therefore, our findings showed a significant reduction in the percentage of motile sperm in 1-hour (27.75 ± 1.27 vs. 44.89 ± 0.81, P≤0.001) and 7-hour (31.87 ± 1.58 vs. 44.89 ± 0.81, P≤0.001) groups as compared to control group.

Fig.2

The effect of chronic exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation on total percentage of progressively motile sperm. Values are expressed as mean ± standard errors of the mean (SEM). *; P value≤ 0.001.

Table 2 shows that chronic exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiations showed a clear negative impact on the concentration parameters. Sperm samples from both 1-hour (P≤0.001) and 7-hour groups (P≤0.05) exhibited a significant lower concentration as compared to the control group. In parallel with the sperm count reduction, the proportion of normal to abnormal sperm showed a similar reduction in the both 1- and 7-hour groups.

Table 2

The effect of chronic exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiations on the concentration parameters

Table 3 shows that the 1-hour group exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiations demonstrated a normal architecture of the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue. The germinal epithelium of testis was intact with an average thickness of about five cell layers. On the contrary, 7-hour group exposed to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiations caused a significant decrease in both the number of germ cell layers (P≤0.01) and the mean testicular score (P≤0.001). Quantitative and descriptive analysis of TUNEL stained slides in figure 3A and B respectively, show that in parallel with the significant reduction in both the number of germ cell layers and the Johnson’s criteria of the 7-hour group, evaluation of apoptotic indexes showed a significant increase in the either the number of apoptotic cells (P≤0.001) or positive tubules per 100 tubules (P≤0.001) in the same group. As it is shown in the figure 4, the increased level of caspase-3 can be a good explanation for testicular apoptosis occurring in the testis of 7-hour animals. Interestingly, lack of significant differences in the number of germ cell layers and the mean testicular score of 1-hour group was accompanied with lack of significant criteria in apoptotic indexes and the caspase-3 concentration. However, two experimental groups showed a significant differences in apoptotic indexes, caspase 3 activity and Johnson’s criteria.

Fig.3

A. The effect of chronic exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation on the apoptotic indexes as either number of apoptotic terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) enzyme mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells per 100 tubules (AI-1) or …
Fig.4

The effect of chronic exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation on the concentration of caspase-3. Values are expressed as mean ± standard errors of the mean (SEM). *; P≤0.001.
Table 3

The Effects of chronic exposure to the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiations on apoptosis of spermatogenesis

Discussion

Decline in male fertility, as one of parameters in this study, is considered as a major concern during the past several decades. It has been suggested that direct or indirect exposure to RF-EMW as the main environmental factor plays a dominant role in the observed decline (28). The 2400-2500 GHz radio frequency emitting from Wi-Fi-enabled devices has a long exposure time over a very wide area (2, 19, 21). Hence, this transmitted energy can be absorbed by human body (8, 29).

No deleterious effects of 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi exposure on the body weight and reproductive organ weights were observed in the either 1- or 7-hour groups; however, exposure effect on the seminal vesicle weights was observed. This present result is in line with previous reported animal experiment that demonstrated no adverse effects of 2.45 GHz radio-frequency exposure on the body weight (14) as well as testis and prostate weights (15, 19). Interestingly, 1 hour and 7 hours exposure caused a decline in seminal vesicles weight in comparison to related value of the control group. Although there is no previous report indicating the deleterious effect of 2.45 GHz radiation on seminal vesicles, khaki et al. (30) showed that 50 Hz non-ionizing radiation during two months caused a decrease in seminal vesicles weight. It is noted that epithelial cell proliferation in the seminal vesicles is testosterone-dependent (31). It has been shown that RF-EMF exposure probably reduces the serum testosterone in experimental animals (32, 33).

Alternatively, deficiency in blood testosterone can alter epithelial proliferation in the seminal vesicles. Specifically, Kumar et al. (11) showed that long-term exposure of 2.45 GHz radiation from microwave source can reduce the level of serum testosterone in rats. Consequently, we speculated that the reduced seminal vesicle weight following 2.45 GHz exposure is likely to be related to the reduction of serum testosterone in rats.

Some evidences have indicated that sperm abnormalities are frequent following exposure to RF-EMW (34,35). We found that sperm concentration, motility and morphology were affected significantly by exposure to the 2.45 GHz RFR from a Wi-Fi antenna. The observed effects were dependent on the longevity of exposure per day. Recent in vitro pilot studies on the effect of exposure of the 2.45 GHz RFR on human ejaculated semen found changes in the motility and DNA fragmentation of exposed sperm (12, 13). Kim et al. (20) found no significant reduction in the epididymal sperm count after exposure of rats to the 2.45 GHz EMF [a designed magnetron (Samsungelectronics, Korea) operating at 2.45 GHz by Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Korea] for 1 hour or 2 hours per day during 8 weeks. Moreover, they reported no abnormal morphology in the exposed groups.

It was also shown that microwave radiation decreases the sperm count (20). A plausible explanation for the impaired sperm motility could be induced oxidative stress by RF-EMW from Wi-Fi devices (12). Oxidation of phospholipids, as a major component in the sperm mitochondrial sheath (36), can disturb mitochondrial membrane potential which causes high levels of ROS to be released into the cytoplasm, leading to deplete the energy supply and to affect both sperm motility and kinetics (37, 38). Peroxidation of unesterified polyunsaturated fatty acids in the cell membrane of spermatozoa can lead to cell death as well (39). However, an in vitro pilot study by Oni et al. (13) showed that 1 hour exposure of 2.45 RFR from a laptop antenna (a 2.4 GHz picostation by Ubiquity Networks, USA) had no effects on sperm concentration and sperm head, whereas tail and middle piece defect were evitable following exposure to the RFR. The negative effect of chronic RF exposure from cell phones on the count and the quality of sperm was also reported in the previous researches (40, 41). Interestingly, the negative correlation between both abnormal structure and decreased motility of sperm with the longevity of exposure to the RFR from mobile phones was showed by Wdowiak et al. (42). It is believed that EMF, especially extremely low frequency, induces free radical production that is responsible for sperm deformities (43). Although, the mechanism of cascade is unknown, it has been recently demonstrated that depletion in the activity of both histone kinase and protein kinase may serve as a measure of microwave EMF’s ability to affect spermatogenesis and cell cycle in sperm (8).

In the testis tissue of the animals exposed to 7 hours of 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation for 60 days, the number of germinal cell layers (5.25 ± 0.05 vs. 5.58 ± 0.08, P≤0.01) and Johnson’s score (8.75 ± 0.06 vs. 9.48 ± 0.14, P≤0.001) showed a significant reduction as compared to control group. In parallel, the profound DNA damage in 7-hour group was accompanied with an increase in the activity of caspase-3. In accordance with these findings, several authors focused mainly on the destructive effects of RFR on the germinal cell layers of male reproductive organ (11, 14, 15, 19–20, 32, 34, 41). It is shown that 2.45 GHz microwave radiation decreases the diameters of seminiferous tubule (41, 44). Saygin et al. (7) showed changes in histopathology and apoptosis status of rat testis under exposure to 2.45-GHz EMF, at 3.21 W/kg specific absorption rate for 60 minutes/day for 28 days.

On the other hand, Poulletier de Gannes et al. (14) found no microscopic lesions in the testes of male Wistar rats by exposing animals to the 2450 MHz Wi-Fi signal (1 hour/day, 6 days/week, 0.08 and 4 specific absorption rate). Moreover, Kim et al. (20) showed that both the measured diameter of seminiferous tubule and average Johnson’s score of testicular biopsy did not change significantly by exposure to the 2.45 GHz EMF (1 hour or 2 hours per day/8 weeks, 1.41W/Kg and 60.1 mV/m electric field intensity. Although they observed no significant difference in the number of spermatids, a significant difference was seen in the number of spermatocytes between the control and exposed group. Atasoy et al. (15) applied standard wireless gateways (2.437 GHz, 24 hours a day for 20 weeks) and their results showed that median values of testicular biopsy score, using Johnson’s scale, were significantly lower in the exposed than the control group. They attributed the occurrence of DNA damage to the decreased levels of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity as a consequence of 2.45 GHz RF that led to induce oxidative stress. Apoptosis is induced by ROS through cytochrome C and caspases-3 and -9 which in turn leads to a high rate of single and double DNA strand break (45). Actually, caspase-3 is a key mediator of apoptosis (46).

It is showed that 2.45-GHz microwave exposure (2 hours per day/ 2 months) increases caspase and creatine kinase activities and decreases melatonin level in the testes of exposed rats (11). The role of 2.45-GHz EMF in inducing oxidative stress by enhancing the lipid peroxidation, free radical formation and modifying antioxidant systems has been approved previously (19, 47, 48). Interestingly, the 2.45 GHz induced oxidative stress was attributed to the reduced levels of testosterone and non-enzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin A and E (19, 32).

Conclusion

High frequency, specifically 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi radiation, induces a decrease in sperm parameters along with an increase in apoptosis-positive cells and caspase-3 activity in the seminiferous tubules of Wistar rats, specially in 7-hour group. It reduced seminal vesicle weight following 2.45 GHz exposure. Considering the progressive privilege of 2.45 GHz wireless networks in our environment, we concluded that there should be a major concern about the time-dependent exposure of our body to the higher frequencies of Wi-Fi antenna.

Acknowledgments

This project was financially supported by a grant from the Vice Chancellor of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences and Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University of Tehran. The authors indicate no potential conflict of interest.

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13. Oni OM, Amuda DB, Gilbert CE. Effects of radiofrequency radiation from WiFi devices on human ejaculated semen. Int J Res Rev Appl Sci. 2011;9(2):292–294.

14. Poulletier de Gannes F, Billaudel B, Haro E, Taxile M, Le Montagner L, Hurtier A, et al. Rat fertility and embryo fetal development: influence of exposure to the Wi-Fi signal. Reprod Toxicol. 2013;36:1–5.[PubMed]

15. Atasoy HI, Gunal MY, Atasoy P, Elgun S, Bugdayci G. Immunohistopathologic demonstration of deleterious effects on growing rat testes of radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional Wi-Fi devices. J Pediatr Urol. 2013;9(2):223–229. [PubMed]

16. Gumral N, Naziroglu M, Koyu A, Ongel K, Celik O, Saygin M, et al. Effects of selenium and L-carnitine on oxidative stress in blood of rat induced by 2.45-GHz radiation from wireless devices. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2009;132(1-3):153–163. [PubMed]

17. Kim MJ, Rhee SJ. Green tea catechins protect rats from microwave-induced oxidative damage to heart tissue. J Med Food. 2004;7(3):299–304. [PubMed]

18. Aweda MA, Gbenebitse S, Meidinyo RO. Effects of 2.45 GHz microwave exposures on the peroxidation status in Wistar rats. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2003;10(4):243–246. [PubMed]

19. Oksay T, Naziroglu M, Dogan S, Guzel A, Gumral N, Kosar PA. Protective effects of melatonin against oxidative injury in rat testis induced by wireless (2.45 GHz) devices. Andrologia. 2012 (In Press) [PubMed]

20. Kim JY, Kim HT, Moon KH, Shin HJ. Long-term exposure of rats to a 2.45 GHz electromagnetic field: effects on reproductive function. Korean J Urol. 2007;48(12):1308–1314.

21. Foster KR. Radiofrequency exposure from wireless LANs utilizing Wi-Fi technology. Health Phys.2007;92(3):280–289. [PubMed]

22. Johansson O. Disturbance of the immune system by electromagnetic fields-A potentially underlying cause for cellular damage and tissue repair reduction which could lead to disease and impairment.Pathophysiology. 2009;16(2-3):157–177. [PubMed]

23. Chung MK, Lee SJ, Kim YB, Park SC, Shin DH, Kim SH, et al. Evaluation of spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 male rats after in utero and neonatal exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields. Asian J Androl. 2005;7(2):189–194. [PubMed]

24. World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: WHO Press; 2010. pp. 21–26.

25. Wyrobek AJ, Gordon LA, Burkhart JG, Francis MW, Kapp RW Jr, Letz G, et al. An evaluation of the mouse sperm morphology test and other sperm tests in nonhuman mammals.A report of the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency Gene-Tox Program. Mutat Res. 1983;115(1):1–72. [PubMed]

26. Miller DC, Peron SE, Keck RW, Kropp KA. Effects of hypothermia on testicular ischemia. J Urol.1990;143(5):1046–1048. [PubMed]

27. Johnsen SG. Testicular biopsy score count–a method for registration of spermatogenesis in human testes: normal values and results in 335 hypogonadal males. Hormones. 1970;1(1):2–25. [PubMed]

28. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Ruffoli R, Carpi A. Lifestyle and testicular dysfunction: a brief update. Biomed Pharmacother. 2008;62(8):550–553. [PubMed]

29. Paulius K, Napoles P, Maguina P. Thigh burn associated with laptop computer use. J Burn Care Res.2008;29(5):842–844. [PubMed]

30. Khaki AA, Zarrintan S, Khaki A, Zahedi A. The effects of electromagnetic field on the microstructure of seminal vesicles in rat: a light and transmission electron microscope study. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008;11(5):692–701. [PubMed]

31. Justulin LA Jr, Ureshino RP, Zanoni M, Felisbino SL. Differential proliferative response of the ventral prostate and seminal vesicle to testosterone replacement. Cell Biol Int. 2006;30(4):354–364. [PubMed]

32. Kesari KK, Behari J. Evidence for mobile phone radiation exposure effects on reproductive pattern of male rats: role of ROS. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012;31(3):213–222. [PubMed]

33. Meo SA, Al-Drees AM, Husain S, Khan MM, Imran MB. Effects of mobile phone radiation on serum testosterone in Wistar albino rats. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(8):869–873. [PubMed]

34. Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, et al. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: an in vitro pilot study.Fertil Steril. 2009;92(4):1318–1325. [PubMed]

35. De Iuliis GN, Newey RJ, King BV, Aitken RJ. Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS One. 2009;4(7):e6446–e6446.[PMC free article] [PubMed]

36. Plante M, de Lamirande E, Gagnon C. Reactive oxygen species released by activated neutrophils, but not by deficient spermatozoa, are sufficient to affect normal sperm motility. Fertil Steril. 1994;62(2):387–393.[PubMed]

37. Mahfouz R, Sharma R, Thiyagarajan A, Kale V, Gupta S, Sabanegh E, et al. Semen characteristics and sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men with low and high levels of seminal reactive oxygen species.Fertil Steril. 2010;94(6):2141–2146. [PubMed]

38. Pasqualotto FF, Sharma RK, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ, Agarwal A. Relationship between oxidative stress, semen characteristics, and clinical diagnosis in men undergoing infertility investigation. Fertil Steril.2000;73(3):459–464. [PubMed]

39. Aitken RJ, Wingate JK, De Iuliis GN, Koppers AJ, McLaughlin EA. Cis-unsaturated fatty acids stimulate reactive oxygen species generation and lipid peroxidation in human spermatozoa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(10):4154–4163. [PubMed]

40. Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J. Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attend ing infertility clinic: an observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008;89(1):124–128. [PubMed]

41. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Mobile phone usage and male infertility in Wistar rats. Indian J Exp Biol.2010;48(10):987–992. [PubMed]

42. Wdowiak A, Wdowiak L, Wiktor H. Evaluation of the effect of using mobile phones on male fertility.Ann Agric Environ Med. 2007;14(1):169–172. [PubMed]

43. Hong R, Liu Y, Yu YM, Hu K, Weng EQ. [Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on male reproduction in mice] Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi. 2003;21(5):342–345.[PubMed]

44. Dasdag S, Ketani MA, Akdag Z, Ersay AR, Sari I, Demirtas OC, et al. Whole-body microwave exposure emitted by cellular phones and testicular function of rats. Urol Res. 1999;27(3):219–223. [PubMed]

45. Said TM, Paasch U, Glander HJ, Agarwal A. Role of caspases in male infertility. Hum Reprod Update.2004;10(1):39–51. [PubMed]

46. Porter AG, Janicke RU. Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 1999;6(2):99–104.[PubMed]

47. Amara S, Abdelmelek H, Garrel C, Guiraud P, Douki T, Ravanat JL, et al. Effects of subchronic exposure to static magnetic field on testicular function in rats. Arch Med Res. 2006;37(8):947–952.[PubMed]

48. Kesari KK, Kumar S, Behari J. Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic wave exposure from cellular phones on the reproductive pattern in male Wistar rats. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2011;164(4):546–559.[PubMed]

Source/Fonte:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4503846/

Notizie dal mondo • • • • • • • • • • • • • By admin_ele 0 Comments

Parents of Colliers Wood Willows Pre-School nursery children fear radiation sickness, burns and cancer from proposed phone mast

9 December 2015 – “www.wimbledonguardian.co.uk”, by Craig Richard

Dozens of parents and neighbours of a recreation ground have signed a petition opposing a 15metre phone mast next to a nursery over health fears.

Wimbledon Guardian:

Children enjoying the outdoors play area at Willows Pre-School in Colliers Wood

Plans for the mast to be built in the recreation ground next to Willows Pre-School in Colliers Wood is in pre-planning stages.

More than 80 concerned parents of children aged between two and five have signed a petition against what they say is the potential threat of non-ionising radiation from the mast.

But their local councillor believes all available research suggests there is no long-term risk from the same kind of radiation that is emitted by the sun, mobile phones and computers.

Non-ionising radiation energises electrons, but cannot removed them from an atom or molecule.

It is commonly found in microwaves, infrared and radio waves.

Exposure can cause burns, radiation sickness, cancer, and genetic damage.

Wimbledon Guardian:

Children from the Willows Pre-School in Colliers Wood enjoy a day out

Dr Kevin Rigley, owner and manager of Willows Pre-School at Colliers Wood recreation ground, objects to the erection of a mobile phone mast near the nursery on potential health risks.

He said: “It is a relatively new technology and all of the studies have been a short time frame. We don’t know what the long-term implications are.

“The fact that they do not know means they should err on the side of caution.”

Colliers Wood councillor Nick Draper played down parents’ fears and said the average person willingly exposes themselves to more concentrated forms of non-ionising radiation every day.

Coun Draper said: “The radiation that comes from a phone mast is a much, much less concentrated version of the radiation that comes out of phones themselves and out of computer screens.

“I was contacted by a parent using a mobile phone asking me to sign.

“If everyone signing the petition does so on the basis that they do not use any mobile phone or computer technology, I would be happy to sign.”

Coun Andrew Judge said “We’re aware residents in Colliers Wood have complained about not being able to get a mobile phone signal and this proposal from O2 and Vodafone would help address that.

“Due to Government rules, phone masts that are 15m or below do not need planning permission.

“However we would need to be assured that there will be no visual intrusion on the park.”

Wimbledon Guardian:

The proposed site of the telecommunications mast as laid out in letters posted to residents by Pegasus Group

Bristol developers Pegasus Group is consulting residents over the “integrated telecommunications” mast, and posted letters explaining the initial pre-planning application.

It read: “The proposal will be fully compliant with standards set down by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection – an independent scientific organisation whose aim is to provide guidance and advice on the health implications of telecommunications development.”

The petition can be signed at change.org

Source/Fonte:

Parents_of_nursery_children_fear_radiation_sickness__burns_and_cancer_from_proposed_phone_mast

Informazioni Ricerca scientifica • • • • • • • • • • By admin_ele 0 Comments

Electrohypersensitivity: a functional impairment due to an inaccessible environment.

[In Svezia l’Elettrosensibilità è riconosciuta come un danno funzionale causato dall’ambiente in cui si vive.
Ai malati vengono forniti protezione giuridica massima ed una serie di aiuti, con l’obiettivo semplice e unico di consentire a questi soggetti di vivere una vita alla pari degli altri in un società basata sull’uguaglianza.

In Italia, soprattutto coloro che sono affetti dalle forme più gravi di Elettrosensibilità, sono costretti a vivere in condizioni fortemente lesive dei diritti umani: per la sofferenza fisica continua derivante dalla impossibilità di evitare ciò che li fa stare male, per l’isolamento sociale obbligato, per il disagio economico conseguente alla loro inabilità al lavoro e per la totale mancanza di aiuti e tutele.

La versione PDF completa dell’articolo è scaricabile dal link in calce alla pagina.]

Rev Environ Health. 2015 Dec 1;30(4):311-21. doi: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0018.

Reviews

By:
Johansson O.

ARTICLE INFO

Article history
Received: 14 July 2015
Accepted: 2 November 2015

Keywords
Electrohypersensitivity; Functional impairment; Immunohistochemistry; Skin; UN Convention.

ABSTRACT

In Sweden, electrohypersensitivity is recognized as a functional impairment which implies only the environment as the culprit. The Swedish view provides persons with this impairment a maximal legal protection, it gives them the right to get accessibility measures for free, as well as governmental subsidies and municipality economic support, and to provide them with special Ombudsmen (at the municipality, the EU, and the UN level, respectively), the right and economic means to form disability organizations and allow these to be part of national and international counterparts, all with the simple and single aim to allow persons with the functional impairment electrohypersensitivity to live an equal life in a society based on equality. They are not seen as patients, the do not have an overriding medical diagnosis, but the ‘patient’ is only the inferior and potentially toxic environment. This does not mean that a subjective symptom of a functionally impaired can not be treated by a physician, as well as get sick-leave from their workplace as well as economic compensation, and already in the year 2000 such symptoms were identified in the Internal Code of Diagnoses, version 10 (ICD-10; R68.8/now W90), and have been since. But the underlying cause still remains only the environment.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26613327#

Versione PDF completa scaricabile al seguente link:

http://www.stopsmartmetersbc.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Johansson-2015-1.pdf

Informazioni Ricerca scientifica • • • • • • • By admin_ele 0 Comments

Evaluation of the Protective Role of Vitamin C on the Metabolic and Enzymatic Activities of the Liver in the Male Rats After Exposure to 2.45 GHz Of Wi-Fi Routers

[L’esposizione al Wi-Fi in condizioni sperimentali (ratti) genera alterazioni degli enzimi epatici.
La cosa non si verifica con l’assunzione di vitamina C.]

eISSN: 2251-7200        JBPE NLM ID: 101589641

By:
F Shekoohi-Shooli, S M J Mortazavi, M B Shojaei-fard, S Nematollahi, M Tayebi

ARTICLE INFO

Article history
Released in November 2015

ABSTRACT

Background: Today, the use of devices emitted microwave radiation such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi routers, etc. is increased rapidly. It has caused a great concern about the health effects of EMFs. Therefore should attempt to fully understand different aspects of the health effects of EMF exposure.In this study evaluate the protective role of Vitamin C on the metabolic and enzymatic activities of the liver in the male rats after exposure to 2.45 GHz of Wi-Fi routers.
Material and Methods: In this study, 70 male Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were randomly divided into 7 groups (10 rats in each group). Group A received vitamin C (250mg kg-1 day orally) and8- hour Wi-Fi exposure only for one day. Group B were treated as group A, but they didn’t receive vitamin C. Group C, received only vitamin C for one day. Control group or group D was neither exposed to radiation of Wi-Fi router nor did received vitamin C. Group E receive just vitamin C for 5 days. Group F was only exposed to Wi-Fi radiation for 8 hours / day for 5 days .Finally, group G received vitamin C and was exposed to Wi-Fi radiation for 8 hours / day for 5 days. The Wi-Fi modem was placed at the distance of 20 cm away from animals restrainers. Finally, blood sampling was performed and the level hepatic enzymes including ALP, ALT, ASL, GGT and the concentration of Blood Glucose, Cholesterol and TG, HDL-c, LDL-c, were measured in all groups.
Results: The results showed that, Wi-Fi exposure  together with  vitamin C during 1 day can lead to significant differences on the blood Glucose , TG and GGT factors in groups (A,D) (p=0.01), Wi-Fi exposure and during  a day can  cause significant differences on GLU and TG levels  in groups ( B,D) and  the amount of HDL in groups (A, B) was also significant(P=0.03) . In addition, we demonstrated that Wi-Fi exposure during 5 day can cause significant differences on the level of BG, TG, Chol and also the amount of HDL in groups (D, F) (p=0.0001).
Conclusion: Wi-Fi exposure can cause  changes in activity level of hepatic enzymes, but the use of vitamin C protects them from these changes.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.jbpe.org/Journal_OJS/JBPE/index.php/jbpe/article/view/455

Jenny Fry Notizie dal mondo • • • • • • • • • • • By admin_ele 0 Comments

Una joven se quita la vida debido a las alergias que le producían las ondas del WiFi de su instituto

La exposición de las ondas provocaron a Jenny Fry, una joven de 15 años, cansancio, dolor de cabeza y problemas de vejiga

jennyfryfacebook--490x490

2 diciembre 2015 – “www.elnortedecastilla.es”

Jenny Fry tomó una cruel decisión. Se quitó la vida porque ya no soportaba más las reacciones alérgicas que le estaban provocando las ondas del WiFi de su centro escolar. El cuerpo sin vida de esta joven de 15 años fue encontrado ahorcado en una zona boscosa próxima a su casa, en la localidad de Chadlington, en Reino Unido.

Jenny, que estudiaba en la escuela Chipping Norton, de Oxfordshire, padecía el síndrome de hipersensibilidad electromagnética. Ante tal patología, los padres advirtieron al centro de que la exposición de su hija a las ondas le provocaba cansancio, dolor de cabeza y problema de vejiga, según confirma el ‘Daily Mail’.

Debra, la madre de la joven, aseguraba que cada vez que su hija ponía pie en el centro era un tormento. De ahí que buscara zonas donde podía estar totalmente tranquila lejos de las ondas del WiFi. A pesar de estos problemas, los padres han reconocido que no habían sometido a Jenny a un examen médico que determinara el porqué de la dolencia.

Jenny, antes de quitarse la vida, envió diferentes mensajes a amigos suyos que no pudieron evitar su muerte.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.elnortedecastilla.es/gente-estilo/201512/02/joven-quita-vida-debido-20151202122739.html

Informazioni Ricerca scientifica • • • • • • • • • • By admin_ele 0 Comments

EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2015 for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of EMF-related health problems and illnesses

[Articolo free access il cui PDF completo è scaricabile dal link in calce alla pagina.

E’ una panoramica delle attuali conoscenze in materia di rischi per la salute da esposizione ai campi elettromagnetici (CEM).

In esso vengono riportate le Linee Guida dell’Accademia Europea di Medicina Ambientale per la prevenzione, la diagnosi ed il trattamento delle patologie da CEM, redatte da numerosi ed affermati ricercatori indipendenti.  

Evidenziamo quanto segue:

“The primary method of treatment should mainly focus on the prevention or reduction of EMF exposure, that is, reducing or eliminating all sources of EMF, if possible.”]

Reviews on Environmental Health. Volume 30, Issue 4, Pages 337–371, ISSN (Online) 2191-0308, ISSN (Print) 0048-7554, DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0033, November 2015

Reviews

By:
Igor Belyaev1 / Amy Dean2 / Horst Eger3 / Gerhard Hubmann4 / Reinhold Jandrisovits5 / Olle Johansson6 / Markus Kern7 / Michael Kundi8 / Piero Lercher9 / Wilhelm Mosgöller10 / Hanns Moshammer8 / Kurt Müller11 / 12 / Peter Ohnsorge13 / Peter Pelzmann14 / Claus Scheingraber15 / Roby Thill16


1Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; and Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia

2American Academy of Environmental Medicine, Wichita, Kansas, USA

3Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians of Bavaria, Medical Quality Circle “Electromagnetic Fields in Medicine – Diagnostic, Therapy, Environment”, Naila, Germany

4Center for Holistic Medicine “MEDICUS”, Vienna, Austria; and Wiener Internationale Akademie für Ganzheitsmedizin (GAMED), Vienna, Austria

5Medical Association Burgenland, Environmental Medicine Department, Eisenstadt, Austria

6The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

7Medical Quality Circle “Electromagnetic Fields in Medicine – Diagnosis, Treatment and Environment”, Kempten, Germany; and Kompetenzinitiative zum Schutz von Mensch, Umwelt u. Demokratie e.V, Kempten, Germany

8Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

9Medical Association Vienna, Environmental Medicine Department, Vienna, Austria

10Institute of Cancer Research Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria

11European Academy for Environmental Medicine, Kempten, Germany

12Department of Public Health, Government of Land Salzburg, Austria

13European Academy for Environmental Medicine, Würzburg, Germany

14Department of electronics and computer science engineering, HTL Danube City, Vienna, Austria

15Working Group Electro-Biology (AEB), Munich, Germany; and Association for Environmental- and Human-Toxicology (DGUHT), Würzburg, Germany

16Association for Environmental Medicine (ALMEN) Beaufort, Luxembourg

ARTICLE INFO

Article history
Received: 1 October 2015
Accepted: 13 October 2015
Published Online: 27 November 2015

Keywords
Accessability measures; Alternating; Alzheimer’s; Cancer; Chronic multisystem illnesses (CMI); Diagnosis;electric; Electromagnetic field (EMF); Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS); Functional impairment; Infertility; Leukemia; Magnetic; Medical guideline; Nitrosative stress; Nonionizing; Oxidative stress; Peroxynitrite; Prevention; Radiation; Static; Therapy; Treatment

ABSTRACT

Chronic diseases and illnesses associated with unspecific symptoms are on the rise. In addition to chronic stress in social and work environments, physical and chemical exposures at home, at work, and during leisure activities are causal or contributing environmental stressors that deserve attention by the general practitioner as well as by all other members of the health care community. It seems certainly necessary now to take “new exposures” like electromagnetic field (EMF) into account. Physicians are increasingly confronted with health problems from unidentified causes. Studies, empirical observations, and patient reports clearly indicate interactions between EMF exposure and health problems. Individual susceptibility and environmental factors are frequently neglected. New wireless technologies and applications have been introduced without any certainty about their health effects, raising new challenges for medicine and society. For instance, the issue of so-called non-thermal effects and potential long-term effects of low-dose exposure were scarcely investigated prior to the introduction of these technologies. Common EMF sources include Wi-Fi access points, routers and clients, cordless and mobile phones including their base stations, Bluetooth devices, ELF magnetic fields from net currents, ELF electric fields from electric lamps and wiring close to the bed and office desk. On the one hand, there is strong evidence that long-term-exposure to certain EMF exposures is a risk factor for diseases such as certain cancers, Alzheimer’s disease and male infertility. On the other hand, the emerging electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is more and more recognized by health authorities, disability administrators and case workers, politicians, as well as courts of law. We recommend treating EHS clinically as part of the group of chronic multisystem illnesses (CMI) leading to a functional impairment (EHS), but still recognizing that the underlying cause remains the environment. In the beginning, EHS symptoms often occur only occasionally, but over time they may increase in frequency and severity. Common EHS symptoms include headaches, concentration difficulties, sleeping problems, depression, lack of energy, fatigue and flu-like symptoms. A comprehensive medical history, which should include all symptoms and their occurrences in spatial and temporal terms and in the context of EMF exposures, is the key to the diagnosis. The EMF exposure can be assessed by asking for typical sources like Wi-Fi access points, routers and clients, cordless and mobile phones and measurements at home and at work. It is very important to take the individual susceptibility into account. The primary method of treatment should mainly focus on the prevention or reduction of EMF exposure, that is, reducing or eliminating all sources of EMF at home and in the workplace. The reduction of EMF exposure should also be extended to public spaces such as schools, hospitals, public transport, and libraries to enable persons with EHS an unhindered use (accessibility measure). If a detrimental EMF exposure is reduced sufficiently, the body has a chance to recover and EHS symptoms will be reduced or even disappear. Many examples have shown that such measures can prove effective. Also the survival rate of children with leukemia depends on ELF magnetic field exposure at home. To increase the effectiveness of the treatment, the broad range of other environmental factors that contribute to the total body burden should also be addressed. Anything that supports a balanced homeostasis will increase a person’s resilience against disease and thus against the adverse effects of EMF exposure. There is increasing evidence that EMF exposure has a major impact on the oxidative and nitrosative regulation capacity in affected individuals. This concept also may explain why the level of susceptibility to EMF can change and why the number of symptoms reported in the context of EMF exposures is so large. Based on our current understanding, a treatment approach that minimizes the adverse effects of peroxynitrite – as has been increasingly used in the treatment of multisystem disorders – works best. This EMF Guideline gives an overview of the current knowledge regarding EMF-related health risks and provides concepts for the diagnosis and treatment and accessibility measures of EHS to improve and restore individual health outcomes as well as for the development of strategies for prevention.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/reveh.2015.30.issue-4/reveh-2015-0033/reveh-2015-0033.xml

Versione PDF completa dell’articolo scaricabile al seguente link:

EUROPAEM EMF Guideline 2015-reveh-2015-0033

Informazioni By admin_ele 0 Comments

Radiofrequency exposure in young and old: different sensitivities in light of age-relevant natural differences

[Evidenziamo quanto segue:

“We conclude that age-dependent RF-EMR study results, when considered in the context of developmental stage, indicate increased specific vulnerabilities in the young (fetus to adolescent), the elderly, and those with cancer.”]

Reviews on Environmental Health. Volume 30, Issue 4, Pages 323–335, ISSN (Online) 2191-0308, ISSN (Print) 0048-7554, DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0030, November 2015

Reviews

By:
1 / Olle Johansson2

1Population Health Research on Electromagnetic Energy (PRESEE), Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne 3004, Australia
2The Experimental Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden

ARTICLE INFO

Article history
Received: 23 September 2015
Accepted: 2 November 2015
Published Online: 27 November 2015

Keywords
ADHD
Age-dependent
Electromagnetic fields
Interhemispheric coherence
Melatonin
RF-EMF
ROS
Sensitive group
Stem cells

ABSTRACT

Our environment is now permeated by anthropogenic radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation, and individuals of all ages are exposed for most of each 24 h period from transmitting devices. Despite claims that children are more likely to be vulnerable than healthy adults to unwanted effects of this exposure, there has been no recent examination of this, nor of comparative risk to the elderly or ill. We sought to clarify whether research supports the claim of increased risk in specific age-groups. First, we identified the literature which has explored age-specific pathophysiological impacts of RF-EMR. Natural life-span changes relevant to these different impacts provides context for our review of the selected literature, followed by discussion of health and well-being implications. We conclude that age-dependent RF-EMR study results, when considered in the context of developmental stage, indicate increased specific vulnerabilities in the young (fetus to adolescent), the elderly, and those with cancer. There appears to be at least one mechanism other than the known thermal mechanism causing different responses to RF-EMR depending upon the exposure parameters, the cell/physiological process involved, and according to age and health status. As well as personal health and quality-of-life impacts, an ageing population means there are economic implications for public health and policy.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/reveh.2015.30.issue-4/reveh-2015-0030/reveh-2015-0030.xml

Informazioni Ricerca scientifica • • • • • • By admin_ele 0 Comments

Synergistic health effects between chemical pollutants and electromagnetic fields

Reviews on Environmental Health. Volume 30, Issue 4, Pages 305–309, ISSN (Online) 2191-0308, ISSN (Print) 0048-7554, DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2015-0028, November 2015

Reviews

By:
1 / Chaima Sta1, 2 / Eric Goujon1 / Dalila Souguir3 / Ezzeddine El Ferjani2

1Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Campus Universitaire des Cézeaux, UMR 547 PIAF, B.P. 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
2Laboratoire de Physiologie et Génétique des Plantes á Intérét Agronomique, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisie
3Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts, Rue Hédi Karray El Manzah IV, BP-10-Ariana 2080- Tunisie

ARTICLE INFO

Article history
Received: 11 September 2015
Accepted: 2 November 2015
Published Online: 24 November 2015

Keywords
Chemicals
Electromagnetic Fields
Heavy Metals
Hypersensitivity
Pesticides

ABSTRACT

Humans and ecosystems are exposed to highly variable and unknown cocktail of chemicals and radiations. Although individual chemicals are typically present at low concentrations, they can interact with each other resulting in additive or potentially synergistic mixture effects. This was also observed with products obtained by radiation actions such as sunlight or electromagnetic fields that can change the effects of chemicals, such as pesticides, and metal trace elements on health. Concomitant presence of various pesticides and their transformation products adds further complexity to chemical risk assessment since chronic inflammation is a key step for cancer promotion. Degradation of a parent molecule can produce several by-products which can trigger various toxic effects with different impacts on health and environment. For instance, the cocktail of sunlight irradiated sulcotrione pesticide has a greater cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than parent molecule, sulcotrione, and questions about the impact of photochemical process on environment. Adjuvants were shown to modify the biological features of pesticides. Addition of other elements, metals or biological products, can differently enhance cell toxicity of pesticides or electromagnetic radiations suggesting a synergy in living organisms. Electromagnetic fields spreading, pesticide by-products and mixtures monitoring become greater for environmental contamination evaluations.

Source/Fonte:

http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/reveh.2015.30.issue-4/reveh-2015-0028/reveh-2015-0028.xml